A fire emergency can happen unexpectedly, and knowing how to respond can make all the difference. Whether it’s a small kitchen fire or a more significant blaze, the actions you take in those critical first moments can protect you, your loved ones, and your property. Here’s a guide on the essential steps to take if a fire breaks out, including immediate actions, how to use a fire extinguisher effectively, and common mistakes to avoid.
Do’s and Don’ts: What to Do Immediately
DO: Raise the Alarm and Alert Others
If you notice a fire, alert everyone in the house or building immediately by shouting “fire” and activating the fire alarm if there is one. If you’re in a commercial building or apartment complex, pull the fire alarm to alert others in the vicinity.
DO: Call Emergency Services
In the UK, the emergency number for the fire brigade is 999. Call this number as soon as you’re in a safe location. Even if you believe the fire is small and manageable, it’s best to alert the fire services. Fires can escalate quickly, and professional assistance is invaluable in containing the spread.
DO: Evacuate the Building
As soon as you’re aware of a fire, make evacuation your priority. Fires can double in size every 30 seconds, so don’t waste time gathering belongings. Follow these steps for a safe exit:
- Stay low to the ground to avoid smoke inhalation.
- Use the back of your hand to test doors for heat. If a door is warm, do not open it, as fire may be on the other side.
- Close doors behind you as you leave each room. This can help contain the fire and slow its spread.
- Follow your designated escape route if you have one, and go directly to your pre-planned meeting spot outside.
DON’T: Use Lifts/Elevators
In a fire emergency, always use the stairs rather than lifts or elevators, which could malfunction or trap you in a burning building.
DON’T: Go Back for Belongings
Once you’re outside, do not return to the building for any reason. Material possessions can be replaced, but your safety is paramount.
Using a Fire Extinguisher: Key Tips and Techniques
A fire extinguisher can be helpful for small fires, but it’s essential to know how to use it properly. Only attempt to use a fire extinguisher if:
- The fire is small and contained (e.g., a wastebasket or small pan fire).
- You have a clear escape route.
- You’ve already alerted the fire brigade.
If you’re confident that you can safely attempt to put out the fire, follow the PASS technique:
- Pull the pin on the extinguisher to release the locking mechanism.
- Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire, not at the flames. Targeting the base helps smother the fire at its source.
- Squeeze the handle to release the extinguishing agent. Keep a firm grip on the handle while aiming steadily.
- Sweep the nozzle from side to side, covering the base of the fire. Continue this motion until the fire is extinguished or until the extinguisher is empty.
Important Tips:
- Stand approximately 2-3 metres (6-10 feet) from the fire to ensure a safe distance.
- Make sure you’re using the right type of extinguisher for the fire:
- Water extinguishers are suitable for wood, paper, and fabric fires but should never be used on electrical fires.
- CO2 extinguishers are best for electrical fires and flammable liquids.
- Foam extinguishers work well on liquid fires and combustible materials.
- Dry powder extinguishers can handle a variety of fire types, including flammable gases.
DON’T: Use Water on Certain Types of Fires
Never use water on grease or oil fires, as it can cause the flames to spread. Likewise, do not use water on electrical fires, as it increases the risk of electrocution. Use a dry powder or CO2 extinguisher instead.
After Evacuating: What to Do Once Outside
DO: Go to a Safe Meeting Point
Establish a safe meeting point in advance with household members or co-workers. This helps ensure everyone is accounted for and reduces confusion.
DO: Check for Injuries
Once outside, check yourself and others for injuries. If someone is suffering from smoke inhalation, keep them calm and encourage them to take slow, deep breaths while you wait for emergency responders.
DON’T: Re-Enter the Building
Even if the fire appears to be out, do not go back inside until the fire brigade has declared it safe. Hidden flames or structural damage may still pose serious risks.
Common Mistakes to Avoid in a Fire Emergency
- Underestimating Smoke Dangers
Smoke inhalation is the leading cause of fire-related deaths. Never assume that you’re safe if there’s heavy smoke, even if you can’t see flames. Smoke contains toxic gases that can incapacitate you quickly. If the room is filling with smoke, drop to the floor and crawl to the nearest exit. - Opening Hot Doors
If a door is hot to the touch, opening it could allow flames and smoke to spread into your space. Always test doors with the back of your hand before opening them. If it’s hot, seek an alternative exit. - Using a Blanket to Put Out a Grease Fire
In case of a grease fire, avoid throwing a blanket over it. Instead, cover the pan with a metal lid to smother the flames or use a fire extinguisher rated for oil fires. Turning off the heat source is also critical. Never use water, as it will cause the fire to spread. - Panicking or Freezing
In a fire emergency, it’s natural to feel fear, but panic can impair your judgment. Remind yourself to stay calm and focus on getting out. Knowing your escape routes in advance and practising fire drills can help you act with confidence. - Not Having a Fire Escape Plan
In the heat of the moment, people often make irrational decisions. A fire escape plan, practised regularly, ensures that everyone knows what to do and where to go in case of a fire. Make sure your escape routes are clear and that all members of your household or workplace are aware of the plan.
Preparing for a Fire Emergency: Preventative Measures
The best way to stay safe in a fire emergency is to prepare for it before it happens. Here are some key steps:
- Install Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Detectors: Test them monthly and replace batteries at least once a year.
- Have Multiple Exits: Make sure you have at least two ways to escape from each room. Keep windows and doors unobstructed.
- Fire Drills: Practise fire drills twice a year, especially if you have children or elderly family members.
- Educate Household Members: Ensure everyone in your home knows how to use a fire extinguisher, identify safe exits, and avoid common hazards like blocked pathways or overloaded outlets.
Handling a fire emergency requires a clear head, quick action, and preparation. By knowing the right steps to take, practising fire drills, and educating everyone in your household, you’ll be better prepared to handle a fire safely and minimise risk.
Remember, your first priority in a fire emergency is to escape and protect lives. Firefighting should only be attempted if it’s safe to do so, and the fire is small and contained. For anything larger, leave it to the professionals and follow your escape plan to get to safety.